In terms of length, a LD of half an hour is exceptional, but longer periods of dream lucidity have also been reported. It requires some training to remain lucid and become fully aware of the opportunities. The realization that one is dreaming often surprises dreamers so much that it wakes them up. The Hearne and LaBerge work led to the commercial development of a sleeping-mask with inbuilt REM sensors that react to eye movements by stimulating the dreamer as a cue to become lucid, usually with light. 8 American student researcher Stephen LaBerge made the same findings, which he wrote up in a doctoral thesis completed two years after Hearne’s and published in his now classic book Lucid Dreaming (1985). Hearne wrote up these ground-breaking results in his 1978 doctoral dissertation, which however was not published. In experiments with a dedicated lucid dreamer, British psychologist Keith Hearne is credited with the discovery that it is possible to signal by the use of eye movements while being in the lucid dream state. All this suggests an intellectually demanding activity that involves intense concentration. The frontal lobe during these REM phases is even more active than during the waking state. LDs show also the highest frequency waves, gamma waves, which are typical for meditation. REM phases are characterized mainly by the higher frequency of alpha and beta waves, indicative of the mental arousal that dreaming implies. A study at the University of Frankfurt found some evidence that LDs share physiological aspects of both waking and dreaming at the same time. LDs typically occur during REM sleep, particularly close to the end of the REM phases in the morning. The most vivid dream periods occur during the sleep periods of rapid eye movement (REM). The study showed that realism and negative emotion do not differentiate between lucid and non-lucid dreams, concluding that ‘lucid insight is separable from both bizarreness in dreams and from a change in the subjectively experienced realism of the dream’. In 2013, an interdisciplinary study compared the factors of insight, control, thought, realism, memory, dissociation, and negative and positive emotion in LDs and non-LDs. 4 More recently, American researchers Stephen LaBerge and Robert Waggoner refer to several thousands of their personal LDs, while other reports can be found in internet forums. 3 In 1913, the Dutch psychiatrist and pioneering researcher Frederick van Eeden was the first to use the term ‘lucid’ – from the Latin lux, light, and lucere, to shine, radiate, being clear, bright – for dreams in which the mind is clear, awake and conscious of being in a dream he recorded 352 of his own lucid dreams between 18. The nineteenth century sinologist and sleep researcher Léon d’Hervey Saint Denys, a lucid dreamer from young age, documented his dreams over two decades and demonstrated that one can learn how to ‘guide’ dreams. Among Christians an early report of LDs was given by St Augustine, and later in the thirteenth century Thomas Aquinas correctly commented that such dreams were typically experienced towards the end of sleep by especially imaginative people. In the twelfth century the Sufi mystic Sufi Ibn El-Arabi stressed the importance of controlling thoughts in dreams. Aristotle noted that it was a common occurrence to become conscious in a dream. In the ancient tradition of Tibetan Bön Buddhism, LDs are recognized in the context of dream yoga. Lucid dreams (LDs) have been recorded for centuries by religious figures, poets and philosophers. Extrasensory Perception in Lucid Dreams.Lucid Dreams and Out-of-Body Experiences.1 A small but significant relationship has been demonstrated between the frequency of lucid dreams and personality factors, such as thin boundaries, absorption, imagination, and fantasy. In a survey of seventy Swedish psychology students 80% reported one. Many people can recall having had at least one lucid dream. It can be acquired as a skill with training, and offers extraordinary potential for physical, emotional, mental and spiritual well-being, with largely untapped relevance for mastering everyday reality. Lucid dreaming has been described since antiquity but has only recently been the subject of research. The duration of lucid dreams depends on the dreamer’s levels of skill and experience. Most often this occurs in the middle of a dream, but some people remain conscious while falling into sleep, while others stay alert after awakening while going back into dreaming. Dreaming and waking are normally mutually exclusive states of consciousness, but in lucid dreams they overlap, the dreamer becoming aware of being in a dream.
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